Two years ago, in Johnson v. NPAS Solutions, LLC, the Eleventh Circuit upended decades’ worth of precedent by categorically forbidding incentive payments to class representatives in class action settlements. In the past month, however, the Second and Ninth Circuits have rejected the Eleventh Circuit’s NPAS decision, concluding that there is no automatic bar of


Can a plaintiff represent a class without showing that there’s a feasible way to identify the absent class members? In its recent decision in
underlying the court’s decision was whether large parts of the class as certified had standing. Because the plaintiff did not establish that common